Inhibition and dissolution of calcium oxalate crystals and kidney stones by the extract of Kalanchoe pinnata

Kalanchoe pinnata leaves are used in South Asia as a natural kidney stone treatment. In vitro studies were conducted supersaturated and artificial urine solutions to evaluate the antiurolithic properties of K. leaf extract on calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) surgically extracted stones. Key organic acids present plant also examined investigate inhibition formation. Crystals harvested from dissolution experiments characterized by mass change, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), redox titrations, conductivity measurements. significantly inhibited crystal growth mechanisms depending concentration supported dissolution. Crystal was 41 15 wt%, respectively, COM decreased 30 18 wt% after five washes. Active compounds identified malic, p-hydroxybenzoic, syringic, caffeic acids, each demonstrated 2.70 4.65 inhibition, which cumulatively accounts for 15% observed synthetic urine. This preliminary study demonstrates that acid content is crucial component activity. words:  Kidney stones, monohydrate, Kalonchoe leaves, effects, Ayurvedic.